Analisis Fenetik Aksesi Tanaman Nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) Di Wilayah Makassar-Gowa

Abstract

The jackfruit plant (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is a tropical fruit species exhibiting significant morphological diversity and is widely cultivated in Indonesia, including the Makassar–Gowa region. This morphological diversity can be utilized to assess similarity and phenetic relationships among jackfruit accessions. This study aimed to determine morphological similarity relationships among jackfruit plants in the Makassar–Gowa region based on qualitative morphological characters. Ten jackfruit accessions were evaluated based on ten qualitative morphological characters: stem surface, tree crown shape, stem growth direction, branching pattern, leaf shape, leaf apex, leaf base, leaf color, fruit shape, and fruit stalk attachment. Observational data were scored according to character categories and subsequently analyzed phenetically using the UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) method via the NTSYS (Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System) program; the results were presented as a dendrogram of morphological similarity relationships. The study revealed morphological variation among the jackfruit accessions in the Makassar–Gowa region. Similarity coefficients between accessions ranged from approximately 0.33 to 0.60, indicating moderate to relatively high levels of similarity. The dendrogram formed two main groups: the first comprised accessions K1, K3, K6, and K5, while the second consisted of accessions K2, K4, K7, K8, K9, and K10. Accession pairs K1–K3, K7–K8, and K9–K10 exhibited the highest similarity levels—with coefficients ranging from 0.52 to 0.60—indicating the closest phenetic relationships among the studied accessions. The observed morphological differences and similarities among accessions are likely influenced by genetic factors, growing environment conditions, and the selection and cultivation practices employed by the local community.